190#

There is something in the Morality ↖ Beyond Good and Evil ↖ Moral Systems of Plato ↖ Beyond Good and Evil ↖ Meditations ↖ Philosophers which does not really belong to Plato, but which only appears in his philosophy, one might say, in spite of him: namely, Socratism ↖ Beyond Good and Evil ↖ Philosophical Schools , for which he himself was too noble. “No one desires to injure himself, hence all evil is done unwittingly. The evil man inflicts injury on himself; he would not do so, however, if he knew that evil is evil. The evil man, therefore, is only evil through error; if one free him from error one will necessarily make him—good.”—This mode of reasoning savours of the populace, who perceive only the unpleasant consequences of evildoing, and practically judge that “it is stupid to do wrong”; while they accept “good” as identical with “useful and pleasant,” without further thought. As regards every system of Utilitarianism ↖ Beyond Good and Evil ↖ Moral Systems , one may at once assume that it has the same origin, and follow the scent: one will seldom err.—Plato did all he could to interpret something refined and noble into the tenets of his teacher, and above all to interpret himself into them—he, the most daring of all interpreters, who lifted the entire Socrates ↖ Beyond Good and Evil ↖ Meditations ↖ Philosophers out of the street, as a popular theme and song, to exhibit him in endless and impossible modifications—namely, in all his own disguises and multiplicities. In jest, and in Homeric language as well, what is the Platonic Socrates, if not—

πρόσθε Πλάτων ὄπισθέν τε Πλάτων μέσση τε Χίμαιρα.